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National Physics Standards Correlation
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| National Science Education Standards by the National Research Council |
| Content Standards: 9-12, Physical Science |
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| Sections listed are the main sections covering the standards
topics related to physics. Explore the sections surrounding those listed to
see more in-depth exploration of the topics as well as sample problems and
interactive simulations. |
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Physics for Scientists and
Engineers |
Principles of Physics |
Conceptual Physics |
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| Structure of Atoms |
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| ●Matter is made of minute particles called atoms, and atoms
are composed of even smaller components. These components have measurable
properties, such as mass and electrical charge. Each atom has a positively
charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The electric
force between the nucleus and electrons holds the atom together. |
44.1, 44.2,
(also 23.1, 42.9) |
43.1, 43.2,
(also 23.1, 41.9) |
38.1, 38.2,
(also 22.1, 36.8) |
| ●The atom's nucleus is composed of protons and
neutrons, which are much more massive than electrons. When an element has
atoms that differ in the number of neutrons, these atoms are called different
isotopes of the element. |
44.3 |
43.3 |
38.3 |
| ●The nuclear forces that hold the nucleus of an atom
together, at nuclear distances, are usually stronger than the electric forces
that would make it fly apart. Nuclear reactions convert a fraction of the
mass of interacting particles into energy, and they can release much greater
amounts of energy than atomic interactions. Fission is the splitting of a
large nucleus into smaller pieces. Fusion is the joining of two nuclei at
extremely high temperature and pressure, and is the process responsible for
the energy of the sun and other stars. |
44.5, 44.13,
44.14 |
43.5, 43.13,
43.14 |
38.5, 38.13,
38.14 |
| ●Radioactive isotopes are unstable and undergo
spontaneous nuclear reactions, emitting particles and/or wavelike radiation.
The decay of any one nucleus cannot be predicted, but a large group of
identical nuclei decay at a predictable rate. This predictability can be used
to estimate the age of materials that contain radioactive isotopes. |
44.15 - 44.21 |
43.15 - 43.21 |
38.15 - 38.18 |
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| Motions and Forces |
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| ●Objects
change their motion only when a net force is applied. Laws of motion are used
to calculate precisely the effects of forces on the motion of objects. The
magnitude of the change in motion can be calculated using the relationship F
= ma, which is independent of the nature of the force. Whenever one object
exerts force on another, a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
is exerted on the first object. |
5.2, 5.5, 5.10 |
5.2, 5.5, 5.10 |
5.2, 5.5, 5.10 |
| ●Gravitation is a universal force that each mass
exerts on any other mass. The strength of the gravitational attractive force
between two masses is proportional to the masses and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between them. |
13.1 |
13.1 |
12.1 |
| ●The electric force is a universal force that exists
between any two charged objects. Opposite charges attract while like charges
repel. The strength of the force is proportional to the charges, and, as with
gravitation, inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
them. |
23.7, 23.9 |
23.7, 23.9 |
22.6, 22.8 |
| ●Between any two charged particles, electric force is
vastly greater than the gravitational force. Most observable forces such as
those exerted by a coiled spring or friction may be traced to electric forces
acting between atoms and molecules. |
23.10, 23.11 |
23.10, 23.11 |
22.9, 22.10 |
| ●Electricity and magnetism are two aspects of a
single electromagnetic force. Moving electric charges produce magnetic
forces, and moving magnets produce electric forces. These effects help
students to understand electric motors and generators. |
Chapters 30 - 32, 34.
Main sections on motors and generators: 30.27, 32.17 |
Chapters 30 - 32, 34.
Main sections on motors and generators: 30.26, 32.14 |
Chapters 28 - 29.
Main sections on motors and generators: 28.19, 29.10 |
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| Conservation
of Energy and the Increase in Disorder |
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| ●The
total energy of the universe is constant. Energy can be transferred by
collisions in chemical and nuclear reactions, by light waves and other
radiations, and in many other ways. However, it can never be destroyed. As
these transfers occur, the matter involved becomes steadily less
ordered. |
7.22, 8.11,
16.1, 35.9,
44.13, 44.14,
22.8 |
7.19, 8.10,
16.1, 34.6,
43.13, 43.14,
22.8 |
6.16, 7.8,
15.1, 30.1,
38.13, 38.14,
21.5 |
| ●All energy can be considered to be either kinetic
energy, which is the energy of motion; potential energy, which depends on
relative position; or energy contained by a field, such as electromagnetic
waves. |
7.8, 7.16,
16.19, 25.1,
32.38, 35.9 |
7.6, 7.13,
25.1, 32.30,
34.6 |
6.4, 6.10,
24.1, 30.1 |
| ●Heat consists of random motion and the vibrations of
atoms, molecules, and ions. The higher the temperature, the greater the
atomic or molecular motion. |
20.10 |
20.10 |
19.9 |
| ●Everything tends to become less organized and less
orderly over time. Thus, in all energy transfers, the overall effect is that
the energy is spread out uniformly. Examples are the transfer of energy from
hotter to cooler objects by conduction, radiation, or convection and the
warming of our surroundings when we burn fuels. |
22.8, 19.25,
19.28, 19.29 |
22.8, 19.22,
19.25, 19.26 |
21.5, 18.17,
18.19, 18.20 |
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| Interactions of Energy
and Matter |
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| ●Waves,
including sound and seismic waves, waves on water, and light waves, have
energy and can transfer energy when they interact with matter. |
16.1, 16.19,
17.10, 35.1,
35.9 |
16.1, 17.8,
34.1, 34.6 |
15.1, 16.4,
30.1 |
| ●Electromagnetic waves result when a charged object
is accelerated or decelerated. Electromagnetic waves include radio waves (the
longest wavelength), microwaves, infrared radiation (radiant heat), visible
light, ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, and gamma rays. The energy of
electromagnetic waves is carried in packets whose magnitude is inversely
proportional to the wavelength. |
35.8, 35.1,
42.4 |
34.5, 34.1,
41.4 |
30.5, 30.1,
36.3 |
| ●Each kind of atom or molecule can gain or lose
energy only in particular discrete amounts and thus can absorb and emit light
only at wavelengths corresponding to these amounts. These wavelengths can be
used to identify the substance. |
42.2, 42.4,
42.12 |
41.2, 41.4,
41.11 |
36.2, 36.3,
36.9 |
| ●In some materials, such as metals, electrons flow
easily, whereas in insulating materials such as glass they can hardly flow at
all. Semiconducting materials have intermediate behavior. At low temperatures
some materials become superconductors and offer no resistance to the flow of
electrons. |
23.5, 42.14,
27.8 |
23.5, 41.13,
27.5 |
22.4, 36.11,
25.5 |
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